Korean giant pear tree pollination. Some cultivars are cross-incompatible, meaning that .

Korean giant pear tree pollination Therefore, it is necessary to either plant two different and compatible kinds of Asian pears in close proximity to each other to cross-pollinate or to plant an Asian pear tree that has multiple compatible varieties grafted onto the tree (called combo trees). Chinese cultivars bloom later than the Japanese cultivars so it is best to pollinate them with another Chinese cultivar. The Starking® Hardy Giant™ is an easy-to-grow Asian pear tree that produces sweet, juicy fruit that stores well. N/A = No blooming time frame available Most Asian pears cross pollinate with each other to some degree, the above chart lists the best combinations for optimum fruit set. It has some fire blight resistance and requires a pollinator (such as Shinko , Hosui , Shinseiki , Chojuro ) for production. See Sky’s Orchard Mason Bee information sheet for how to promote healthy populations of these insects, and remember NEVER to spray your trees Nov 16, 2024 · Discover the essential guide to pollinating pear trees for optimal fruit production! Learn which European and Asian pear varieties thrive together, ensuring cross-pollination for sweeter, larger pears. Some Asian pear trees are self-pollinating, but typically, more than one tree is needed to produce prolific fruit. Plant at least two Asian pear varieties to ensure cross-pollination and good fruit set. Planning on planting a Korean Giant in the spring. The Giant Korean Pear Tree is a standout choice for fruit enthusiasts looking for large, crisp, and exceptionally sweet pears. Learn about European and Asian varieties, their unique traits, and the best companion trees that enhance pollination and yield. Nov 25, 2024 · Curious if pear trees are self-pollinating? This article dives into the complexities of pear tree pollination, highlighting the benefits of cross-pollination for optimal fruit yield and quality. Apples Pollination Chart top Apple Pictures – links to collection of pictures previously available on Hartman’s Nursery website. The pears are juicy and sweet and big! Find compatible pollenizers for Beurre Bosc pear trees, based on flowering group, parentage, self-fertility and other attributes. The fruits are long-storing, crisp, juicy, and very sweet. They are sweet and juicy, taste like a pear because they are a pear, but are hard and crunchy like an apple. Cold hardy and precocious, this tree is fireblight resistant and can be cultivated successfully without sprays. Compatible Varieties: Key pairings include Bartlett with Bosc and Anjou, and for Asian pears, Shinko, Kosui, and Nijisseiki work effectively together. Trees will reach 20 feet or higher but can be maintained at a height of 14 to 15 feet ( lower if grown on a trellis). Olympic Giant Pear Tree (Pyrus serotina hybrid) Also called Dan Bae or Olympic, Korean Giant is a vigorous, winter-hardy tree that produces at a young age and bears a heavy crop of large, round, olive-green fruit that can weigh up to a pound each! The fruit can be kept in cold storage until March. With a moderate growth rate, these trees typically reach heights of 10-15 feet, making them suitable for various garden sizes. Best keeper. Zone 4 or 5-9. Korean Giant Asian Pear Chill Hours: 400-600 hours Pollination: Needs a pollinator (pairs well with Shinko or another Asian pear) Fruit Description: Extra-large, round, golden-brown pears Flavor & Texture: Crisp, juicy, and incredibly sweet with a honey-like flavor Best Uses: Fresh eating and fruit salads The Korean Giant Asian Pear is known for producing huge, super-sweet fruit that is Find compatible pollenizers for Shinko asian pear trees, based on flowering group, parentage, self-fertility and other attributes. Dec 3, 2024 · Key Takeaways Cross-Pollination is Essential: Most pear trees require cross-pollination to produce fruit. This tree is resistant to pear leaf spot. This guide will walk you through the essential steps of how to grow Korean pear tree, from selecting Feb 24, 2025 · Revised 2. In much of the world honeybees are the most common pear tree pollinator. Apr 25, 2023 · Gardening can be a rewarding hobby, and many gardeners look to add a variety of fruits to their gardens. Medium to large fruit has excellent, rich, sweet flavor. " Asian pear trees Asian pears are grown for their golden fruits, which have a crisp sweet juicy flesh. Also known as the variety 'Don Bae'. Understand how to enhance your gardening success with expert insights on care practices and Kosui Hosui Twentieth Century (Nijiseiki) Chojuro Niitaka YoinashiTM Atago Shinko Olympic Giant (Korean Giant) The Olympic Asian Pear tree, a remarkable fruit-bearing cultivar, is known for its sweet and crisp pear varieties. PEAR TREE PRICES : $26/each (No quantity discounts apply) Below is a list of pear trees that we offer. Do not rely on common pear varieties to pollinate Asian pears. About This Product Olympic Giant Asian Pear is a true no-spray tree, requiring little care and exhibiting excellent resistance to pests and disease. One of the most popular fruits to add to a garden is Asian pears. These sweet, crisp and juicy, light brown pears can weigh more than a pound! Large Korean Asian Pear bears abundant crops of this delicious and attractive fruit, which ripen in early October. Its present pollinator, Shinko, is dying due to a what appears to be a disease that is causing trunk bark to fail so I want to plant a different variety to pollinate Olympic. Asian pear trees like 20th Century are about as winter hardy as Bosc pears tolerating about -20°F but are less hardy than Bartlett and Anjou. Fruits are very large 3/4 to 1 1/4 lbs. Look for container-grown Asian pears at local nurseries, or order bare-root stock from Greer Gardens (800/548-0111) or Raintree Nursery (360/496-6400). Nov 25, 2022 · I have a prolific Olympic Asian (Korean Giant) pear that is going to need a new pollinator. All of our pear trees are offered on OHxF 97 roo Dec 14, 2024 · Key Takeaways Understanding Pollination: Pollination is vital for pear tree fruit development; it ensures fertilization and affects the quantity and quality of the harvest. The super-hardy trees begin to bear fruit in their third year, the Also known as Korean Giant or Olympic, Large Korean Asian Pear Tree is a unique, high quality variety often produces fruit as large as a grapefruit. It involves attaching a cutting (scion) from the desired fruiting variety onto a rootstock with beneficial qualities like disease resistance or dwarfing characteristics. This article explores the essential role of pollination, highlighting the benefits of cross-pollinating different varieties and offering practical tips for manual pollination techniques. Olympic Asian Pear (Pyrus pyrifolia) produces large, sweet, and juicy pears in late summer. Learn whether these trees are self-pollinating or require cross-pollination for a fruitful harvest. ” Precocious, productive tree. Most Asian pears require another pear (Asian or European) for good pollination. Find compatible pollenizers for Korean Giant / Olympic asian pear trees, based on flowering group, parentage, self-fertility and other attributes. Sep 15, 2024 · Though known for their wonderful pollination charts they have also jumped hard into the asian pear game as this fruit is jumping in popularity. Learn about key pollinators like honey bees, bumblebees, and native insects that boost fruit yields and tree health. calleryana, 0 to -10°F for P. Anyone know of a good pollination partner for Korean giant? Aug 27, 2025 · Explore seven hardy pear tree varieties for USDA Zone 4, perfect for planting today to ensure robust growth and fruitful harvests in cooler climates. Late ripening. 🤲 Hand pollination ensures fruit production where natural pollinators are limited. Planting Instructions Follow the same planting instructions, as you Also called Dan Bae, these golden-brown pears grow as big as grapefruit and often weigh up to a pound. Pears Care At A Glance Pear trees require two different cultivars for cross-pollination. USDA Zone: 4-9 Pollination: Needs a different Asian Pear with a matching bloom time as a pollinator to produce fruit. Uncover the importance of bloom timing and planting proximity to cultivate a bountiful orchard. User-agent: * Disallow: /wp-content/uploads/wc-logs/ Disallow: /wp-content/uploads/woocommerce_transient_files/ Disallow: /wp-content/uploads/woocommerce_uploads Mar 21, 2022 · These trees are self-pollinating, but when cross-pollinated with other early season kinds, they produce greater crops. Empower your gardening efforts with tips for healthier . A fantastic Asian pear variety that bears huge, round, russeted golden fruits. This variety has some tolerance to fireblight and is highly productive of excellent quality Asian pears. The fruit is juicy, sweet and crisp, and the extra-large pears often weigh in at a pound or more. Pear trees reach maturity to bear fruit in 4-6 years from planting. Pollination: Requires a cross-pollinator, such as Shinko, Shinseiki, or Kikusui, to ensure fruit set. Learn all about pollination and how to choose the perfect partner in our guide at Gardener’s Path. A huge, late-season nashi pear that stores well. 9322 – 196th Street SE, Snohomish, WA 98296 • Phone: 425-481-7565 or 360-668-9575 • www. It should be noted that Ya Li is the earliest variety to bloom followed closely by Seuri and Niitaka. Dec 16, 2022 · Some examples that you can use include the Bartlett, Aurora, Flemish Beauty, Honey Sweet and Korean Giant pear trees, but those are just a few of the options that will facilitate pollination for your Hosui Asian Pear Tree. For appropriate cross pollination click HERE RECOMMENDED GROWING AND CARE: Full sun, balanced moisture, reduce grass competition in root zone. With expert tips on planting and soil needs, you'll create a Jan 5, 2024 · The biggest problem with the adaptation of Asian pears has been fire blight, which attacks pears and apples and can kill blooms, young tender shoots, and sometimes major limbs and whole trees. Boost your yield and fruit quality by understanding the importance of compatible planting and Korean Giant ripens late in the season, and the fruits retain their crisp flesh and sweet flavor in storage. While some pears are considered self-fertile (setting fruit when pollinated with their own pollen), ALL varieties produce a better yield of fruit with cross pollination. Nijisseiki Asian Pear Tree (also known as ‘20th Century’) most PEAR TREE CROSS-POLLINATION CHART Pears can be pollinated by most any other pear varieties as long as both are blooming around the same time. Thin the fruit to one pear per cluster to have large fruit. Grafting is a common practice used to combine the desirable traits of two different pear varieties. I have a Bartlett, a Seckel and Flemish Beauty all on one tree. 🌿 Cross-pollination boosts fruit quality and genetic diversity in Korean pear trees. Asian pear trees typically start producing fruit within three to five years of planting, though some varieties may take longer. PEARS top Sep 11, 2025 · Grow your own Asian pear trees (Pyrus pyrifolia) for a bounty of crispy, sweet fruit. While some Asian pear varieties are self-fertile, meaning they can produce fruit without the need for another tree, many others require cross-pollination. Types of Pear Trees: Identify whether you have European or Asian pear varieties, as their pollination needs differ—most require cross-pollination for optimal fruit production. Plus, these delicious Asian types hold their flavor for up to 6-months in storage. I have 3 asian pears and 2 european pears in my yard plus a grafted cutting and none of them are early enough for Korean giant. Trees are not self-pollinating, so you will need another tree to aid in pollination. ZONE: 4 or 5-9 POLLINATION/BLOOM TIME: Late blooming. Maximize Jan 17, 2025 · Discover the truth about Asian pear trees and their pollination needs in our latest article. Sep 28, 2022 · I got an Korean Giant coming from Blue Hills the other day with an Ayer pear and some crabapples. But all benefit from cross-pollination and produce greater yields when planted with other pear trees with the same bloom time. This makes them a great choice for gardeners who are looking for a low-maintenance fruit Aug 3, 2019 · I’ve read that Bartlett pears can be used to pollinate Asian pears. Among Asian pear varieties available, Korean Giant and Shinko have the least problems with fire blight. Korean Giant Asian Pear is Fireblight resistant. Also known as Korean Giant, Large Korean, Dan Beh. From ‘Bartlett’ to ‘Shinko’, find perfect pairings and tips on attracting bees. Although this is clearly a superior pear, it seems slightly unusual that a single variety should attract so many names. Jan 16, 2025 · Discover the essential role of pollination in pear tree cultivation in our latest article. Like other fruit trees, pollination plays a crucial role in their fruit production. In the maritime Northwest, particularly in cold, wet springs, Orchard Mason Bees are often more reliable. Understanding which varieties can pollinate each other is crucial for a successful harvest. They store well, and will last for several months when refrigerated. Being that I am just barely familiar with this tree, other than an occasional taste of unknown varieties, I thought I would find some information about a few of the varieties that are out there. Most Asian pears will pollinate it. Unlike other varieties of pears, some Asian pears are self-pollinating, meaning they don’t require a partner tree to produce fruit. They are all hardy to USDA zones 5-7, with some rated to zone 4. can your korean giant asian pear be used as a pollinizer for shinko asian pear Yes! You bet! Love this tree! ;Utah SLC high ph clay zone 6b) Is the rootstock on this tree the same as you have used in years past? Yes, it is still on an Old Homestead x Farmingdale rootstock. However, a common question arises: do Asian pear trees self-pollinate? The answer, unfortunately, is not a simple yes or no. This tree has an excellent taste, drops free from the tree in mid-October, and continues well into November here in Pennsylvania. Will any of these pollinate my Korean Giant and Hardy Asian Giant that I plan to buy? Oct 19, 2022 · Info about Growing Asian Pear Trees Asian pears are also called more specifically Chinese, Japanese, Oriental and apple pears. Hosui Hosui has perhaps the best flavor of any Asian pear - it is very juicy and very sweet. Jul 21, 2005 · To produce fruit, ‘Korean Giant’ needs cross-pollination from another Asian pear variety growing nearby or from a European pear that blooms at the same time. Feb 26, 2025 · 3. Dec 21, 2024 · Discover the secrets to successful pear tree growing! This article guides you through understanding pear tree compatibility, focusing on the essential factors for optimal growth and fruit production. AKA Korean Giant or Large Korean. Most of the Asian pears require another pear tree for cross-pollination. Included in this list of 25 are the most common, popular, flavorful varieties as well as a few traditional ones The Olympic Giant Pear Tree, also known as Korean Giant, is a large-fruited Asian pear variety valued for its exceptional size, crisp texture, and sweet, juicy flavor. Nov 22, 2024 · 🌸 Korean pear flowers attract bees and butterflies with their sweet scent and nectar. ). Raintree Nursery Growing Guides are fun, easy, references featuring everything you need to know to get started growing your own home orchards and berry patches! This week Laura Sweany This Korean Pear Tree is grafted. Asian pears are typically round in shape (similar to apples) and have russet coats. Thriving in USDA hardiness zones 5-9 and requiring 500-600 chilling hours, this variety requires cross-pollination. Korean Giant is an excellent Asian pear, producing huge pears that may weigh up to a pound. Jun 23, 2022 · Asian pear trees (Pyrus pyrifolia) are gaining popularity in horticulture due to their unique flavor, crisp texture, and adaptability to various climates. Later blooming Asian pears can also be pollinated by early blooming European pears, such as Bartlett, Blake's Pride, Golden Spice, Maxie, Parker, Rescue, Seckel, Ubileen, and Ure. Sep 9, 2022 · There are a few exceptions, but Asian pears are not self-fertile trees and produce their best fruit by cross-pollinating with other Asian pear varieties. This article delves into the pollination requirements of Asian pear trees, explores compatible pollinator options, and provides practical guidance for Plant a Chojuro Asian Pear (or two) but wasn't sure if I planted two, would they cross-pollinate each other or do they need a different type of pear?. Nobody ever lists all the varieties that will do the job, so I'm wondering what is being used as a pollinizer by people What pollinates a Shinko pear? When it comes to pollinating a Shinko pear tree, it is important to choose compatible varieties that can cross-pollinate effectively. The cultivars Chojuro, Yoinashi, Shinko and Korean Giant are all good pollinators for both the trees you have. 2025 9322 - 196th Street SE, Snohomish, WA 98296 All Asian pear varieties require cross-pollination from a different pear variety. 24. super juicy with earthy flavor extra large size fruit fruit holds its flavor for up to six months in storage ripens late in October no spray required – resists pests and diseases trees begin to bear fruit in their third year needs a pollinator, like Bartlett or Bradford pear 5. Fertilizer: Apply a balanced, slow-release fertilizer in early spring to support healthy growth and fruiting. Growing your own Korean pears can be a rewarding experience, offering the joy of watching these trees thrive and the satisfaction of harvesting your own sweet, juicy fruit. Shinko and Olympic/Korean Giant pollinate one another. Many Asian pear varieties are considered partially self-fruitful (can produce up to a 15% crop from self-pollination) but it is best to always plant at least two varieties to ensure cross-pollination and full cropping potential. Oct 21, 2024 · It does seem more likely pears, can produce a tree with similar fruit then with apples which almost never produce a similar fruit. Here's what you need to know to plant, prune, and fertilize them. com May 6, 2006 · I referenced what is called a pollination chart and found that these two varieties are not listed as pollinators for each other. Learn about ideal blooming times, optimal planting strategies, and how to attract natural pollinators, ensuring a fruitful Oct 19, 2022 · Korean Giant Asian pear tree is not self-pollinating and needs another pear tree of a different variety nearby for pollination, preferably within 50 feet (15 m. Pollination partners: Chojuro or Bartlett. 95buy Picking season: Early Self-fertility: Not Jan 30, 2025 · Revised 1/30/2025 9322 - 196th Street SE, Snohomish, WA 98296 The Hosui Asian Pear tree bears high-quality fruit with golden-russet skin. They have wonderful sweet flavor and crisp, juicy texture. European-type pears are designated with an (E) and Asian-type pears with an (A). Korean Giant Pear Trees for sale online at the best prices, highest quality, fastest shipping, and guaranteed for 1 year only at Ty Ty Plant Nursery LLC. Learn how to grow a pear tree step-by-step—planting, care through the season, and harvest—your complete guide to growing pears! We have blooming charts and other helpful information here at the nursery to make sure you have trees for adequate pollination. The Korean Giant Pear is an excellent addition to any pear collection, offering both ornamental beauty and a delicious, crisp harvest. Either standard or dwarf rootstocks are available. Thanks! Most of the Asian pears require another pear tree for cross-pollination. Dec 4, 2024 · Some pear trees, especially certain Asian varieties like ‘Shinko’ or ‘Korean Giant’, can self-pollinate and produce fruit. If they need a different type of pear, would a "regular" pear from a yard across the street work? Very large fruit. Sep 4, 2023 · For storage, the ideal conditions are 32°F with a relative humidity of 90 to 95 percent. An ornamental (Bradford) pear works well and they are plentiful in most neighborhoods. Exactly which Asian pear tree does Aug 8, 2024 · Do Asian pear trees need a pollinator? The answer, like many things in the world of horticulture, is a bit nuanced. Hosui Asian Pear Trees for sale online at the best prices, highest quality, fastest shipping, and guaranteed for 1 year only at Ty Ty Plant Nursery LLC. communis and P. While some Asian pear varieties are self-pollinating, meaning they can produce fruit without the assistance of another tree, many others require cross-pollination to bear fruit. Olympic Giant Asian Pear produces large, sweet, juicy fruits with hints of butterscotch. However, yields will be lower compared to trees that benefit from cross-pollination with compatible varieties. This is one of the easiest Asian pears to grow. Vigorous, upright trees bear annually. Fresh-eating pear also makes great pies! Find compatible pollenizers for Moonglow pear trees, based on flowering group, parentage, self-fertility and other attributes. Get the famous, award-winning Hosui Asian Pear Trees for your own backyard! Aug 9, 2023 · Pear trees need a pal in order to fruit well. This explains why your self-pollinating variety is more fruitful than you partially self-pollinating variety. Mar 11, 2022 · Asian Pear Pollination Chart “A world of flowers, plants and a whole lot more. flowerworldusa. In our experience, at least, the variety we have been selling as 'Kenko' is virtu Korean Giant Asian (Pyrus pyrifolia ‘Korean Giant’) is self-fruiting and doesn’t need a pollinating partner, but will bear more fruit when paired with another pear tree. Pear Pollination Pears need to be pollinated by insects to set fruit. Sweet like a pear and crisp like an apple. Ripens mid to late September in central Alabama. Known for its impressive size and unique texture, this tree produces fruit with a signature round shape and a perfect balance of sweetness and juiciness. I'd be interested in an Olympic Asian Pear (Korean Giant, Dan Bo), except the only information I can find is that there are only a very few other varieties that will pollinate it. ,with outstanding flavor. Good, crisp flavor. You will have a better crop of fruit if more than one tree of another variety is used. The Olympic has been sold as 'Korean Giant', 'Large Korean', 'A-ri-Rang', 'Dan Bae', and, last, but not least-'Kenko'. They are Pear trees are easy to grow in a Home Garden. It is a vigorous, spreading tree that reaches a mature height of 12-18 feet with a spread of 12-18 feet, perfect for home orchards. Feb 5, 2024 · Asian pear trees tend to overbear. Sep 18, 2024 · Asian pear trees, known for their crisp, juicy fruit, are a popular choice for home gardeners. Asian pear rootstocks' tolerances for winter cold are 10°F for P. We debunk common myths, highlight the best varieties, and share essential tips for successful gardening. Explore strategies for attracting these vital pollinators and understand the impact of environmental factors on pollination success. Some Asian pear trees are self-pollinating, but most require cross-pollination with another Asian pear tree to produce the best fruit: Aug 20, 2015 · That was my next question. Benefits from a pollination partner such as Daisui Li, Korean Giant, Shin Li or Tennosui. It grows well in USDA Zones 5-9, and needs 400-500 chill hours. Fruit ripens in early to mid-October and keeps extremely well in cold storage. A: The Drippin Honey Asian Pear Tree does require another variety of tree for pollination. Most Asian pears are self-fertile. It is increasingly popular as a pear variety for encouraging deer, as the pears will stay on the tree until November before falling. They require organically rich soil with good drainage. These are two-year-old, bare-root trees from our farm partner, Full Circus Farm, in Pine Plains, NY. The Shinko Asian Pear, known for its productivity and resistance to fire blight, requires another pear tree nearby for successful pollination. Which Asian Pear Is Self Pollinating? The “Shinseiki” and “20th Century” are two self-fruitful Asian pear varieties that thrive in California. Some cultivars are cross-incompatible, meaning that Dec 1, 2024 · The Korean pear tree, with its captivating beauty and delicious fruit, is a prized addition to any orchard or backyard. Unlike their European counterparts, Asian pears ripen on the tree and are best eaten when firm and crispy. This process ensures the tree produces high-quality fruit while benefiting from the Aug 31, 2024 · Asian Pear Varieties… just a sampling I recently wrote an article about Asian Pears. Top dress with The Starking® Hardy Giant™ is an easy-to-grow Asian pear tree that produces sweet, juicy fruit that stores well. Discover orchard excellence with the Starking® Hardy Giant™ Asian Pear Tree, a Stark Bro’s exclusive and Stark Pick! This cold-hardy marvel originates from Korea in 1969 and boasts a reputation as the best late-season Asian pear, bearing huge fruits. Time to productivity: 1-2 years depending on conditions. Grow these 5 pear trees - Drippin’ Honey, Kieffer, Korean Giant, Moonglow & Warren pears. 450 Chill Hours. Chojuro Asian Pear Trees for sale online at the best prices, highest quality, fastest shipping, and guaranteed for 1 year only at Ty Ty Plant Nursery LLC. serotina. Excellent for fresh eating or baking and stores up to 6 months. Learn about different pear varieties, their unique pollination needs, and tips for planting compatible trees. Jan 10, 2023 · Learn where you can find Olympic Giant Asian Pear Tree plus get care, planting, and growing instructions for your Olympic Giant Asian Pear Tree. Shinseiki (New Century) has been recommended as suitable replacement. Pollination_Charts (1) The Korean Giant pear tree is a grafted, vigorous, upright-growing tree that produces large round pears. Shinko is a brownish-green pear that ripens mid-August through mid-September but stores well through January. betulaefolia and -30°F for P. They can be grown in USDA zones 5-9. This means that they One of the most fire blight resistant of the Asian pear trees. Korean Giant pear is a solid tree, bearing fruit annually, and typically begins producing its 3rd year Jul 20, 2024 · Korean Giant Asian Pear – offered by Amazon. Asian pears trees are a great choice for planting in your city or suburban yard. Will shinseiki pollinate Korean giant Asian pear tree? Yes, they cross polliante fine. What is everyone using for a pollinator? I have some European pears, but this will be my first Asian. The question is, do I need to get another pollinator for the Bartlett, or will the Asian pears do the job? Asian Pears For The Backyard Orchard Asian pears are known by many names, including Japanese pear, Korean pear, and apple pear. Anyone know of a good pollination partner for Korean giant? Dec 24, 2024 · Discover how to effectively pollinate Asian pear trees to boost fruit production. The latest blooming Asian pears will cross-pollinate with early blooming European pears. The D’Anjou has always had problems, and I think I’m going to remove it. $38. The tree pollinates well with all my European varieties. But is the opposite also true? I currently have one Asian Chojuro, a Bartlett, and a D’Anjou. Asian pears (Pyrus serotina) are sweet and juicy like a pear and crunchy much like an apple. Most varieties of Asian pear are self-pollinating and produce adequate crops when planted on their own. ydohw qdb tcrymq kagxi tdwsct kwj szyjj bsbosigj focwwv qfme erwfkh iyulcm uwveo hnpmpf xltnwu