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Oxford osprey publishing Ex-library. 14 September 2020. This article forms a part of the larger bibliography of World War II. ^ a b "Where did the Adidas Tracksuit Wearing IRA Gunmen Get Their Gear?". Illustrated investigation of the forces fighting today's civil war in Ukraine, including Russian regular and clandestine units. Armies of the two sides met on the plain of Sekigahara on 21 October 1600, in Mar 16, 2022 · The Hussite wars 1419-1436 by Turnbull, Stephen R Publication date 2004 Topics Hussites Publisher Botley, Oxford : Osprey Publishing Collection internetarchivebooks; printdisabled Contributor Internet Archive Language English Item Size 204. The colours were regarded as talismans of the regiment and it was considered a stain on the unit's honour if they were captured. The Crusades gave rise to the Military Orders of the Templars and Hospitallers, and were a backdrop to the careers of some of history's most famous leaders including Richard 'The Lionheart' and Saladin. Bloomsbury Publishing is a leading independent publishing house, established in 1986, with authors who have won the Nobel, Pulitzer and Booker Prizes, and is the originating publisher and custodian Osprey Publishing and Osprey Games are part of Bloomsbury Publishing plc and share its missions and values. Their publications include the Men-at-Arms series Jul 28, 1994 · The T-34 was the most influential tank design of World War 2. 4M 80 pages : 25 cm Includes bibliographical references (pages 78-79) and index Stephen Turnbull, the world's leading authority on the samurai, goes beyond the battlefield to paint a picture of the samurai as they really were. In August 2007 Osprey made its first acquisition, in the shape of the enthusiast history, heritage and collectables publisher Shire. The Janissaries comprised an élite corps in the service of the Ottoman Empire. Osprey Publishing is the UK’s leading illustrated military history publisher and Born of a mixture of religious fervour, military ardour and political will, the Crusades remain a fascinating and misunderstood aspect of medieval history. This is a list of all monitors of the United States Navy. Find contact information (email, and address details) for Bloomsbury Publishing offices in the UK - London and Oxford (for Osprey Publishing and Hart Publishing), Australia, the USA and India. The restoration of the Meiji Imperial dynasty in 1868, after 250 years of the Tokugawa Shogunate, decisively opened Japan to the outside world and the monarchy embraced modernization This is a blistering account of the battle of Cowpens, a short, sharp conflict which marked a crucial turning point in the American Revolution. Author: Cabos, Rodrigo Hernández; Coughlin, Geoff. Throughout the 11th and 12th centuries the Norman knight was possibly the most feared warrior in Western Europe. Predominantly an illustrated publisher, many of their books contain full-colour artwork plates, maps and photographs, and the company produces over a dozen ongoing series, each focusing on a specific aspect of the history of warfare. Yet his fortunes changed in 1812 Text compiled by Chris McNab. Created by a world leader in modern Special Forces with access to some of the most secretive elite units, this book provides a fascinating overview of Special F… East Africa Campaign 1940-41 - The Battle for the Horn of Africa (9781472860712) Features 96 pages Photographs and illustrations throughout Softcover Book dimensions are 10" x 7" A fascinating study of one of the often overlooked World War II campaigns as British/Commonwealth, Indigenous and Italian forces battled for control of the Horn of Africa. $18. The office telephone numbers and emails will Current employment opportunities at Osprey Publishing and Osprey Games are listed below as they arise. The two forces clashed for barely more than 45 Osprey's Campaign title for Sekigahara (1600), which was the most decisive battle in Japanese history. Banastre Tarleton and the British troops in hot pursuit, Daniel Morgan, leading a small force of 700 Continentals and militia, chose the Cowpens as the battlefield in which to make a stand. com Alternatively send your synopsis to: Commissioning Editor, Editorial Department Osprey Publishing Kemp House Chawley Park Cumnor Hill Oxford OX2 9PH UNITED KINGDOM $17. 8th printing. The “knight in shining armor” has become a staple figure in popular culture and the images of bloody battlefields, bustling feasting halls, and courtly tournaments have been creatively interpreted many times in film and fiction Osprey Publishing is a British, Oxford-based, publishing company specializing in military history. howitzer, the 12-in. When Japanese and Russian expansionist interests collided over Manchuria and Korea, the Tsar assumed Japan would never dare to fight. It was composed of war captives and Christian youths pressed into service; all of whom were converted to Islam and trained under the strictest discipline. Finland's fight to defend her independence earned this tiny nation of just 3 million… Find trade order information, trade sales representatives and how to order display materials from Osprey Publishing. Regarded as barbarians by the Egyptians, for a hundred years the Hittites fought a draining war against the Egyptians - the climax of which saw the Hittites Osprey's examination of the 'Battle of the Bulge,' which was the last major German offensive in the West during World War II (1939-1945). Publication: Oxford: Osprey Publishing, 2001. Finally, though, the Arab counter-attacks broke the Byzantine lines and the THE JANISSARIES David Nicolle Published by Osprey Publishing, Oxford, 2006 ISBN 10: 185532413X / ISBN 13: 9781855324138 Used / Paperback Seller: Kubik Fine Books Ltd. Born… This book examines the origins and development of the Polish 'Winged' Hussars. They are best known for The landscape of 16th- and 17th-century Japan was dominated by the graceful and imposing castles constructed by the powerful 'daimyo' of the period. The landscape of 16th- and 17th-century Japan was dominated by the graceful and imposing castles constructed by the powerful 'daimyo' of the period. When first introduced into combat in the summer of 1941, it represented a revolutionary leap forward in tank design. By 1918 the scout-sniper's value as an observer and gatherer of intelligence was as important as his lethal skills, but these were disregarded in the interwar years. You can also call our Reception team on 44 (0)20 7631 5600, who can transfer you to the appropriate team on request. The adoption of local troops (auxiliaries) and local building techniques at key Find contact information (email, and address details) for Bloomsbury Publishing offices in the UK - London and Oxford (for Osprey Publishing and Hart Publishing), Australia, the USA and India. Over 30 of these have been for Osprey. If you should need to write to us, here’s our new address Osprey Publishing Kemp House Chawley Park Cumnor Hill Oxford OX2 9PH UK Add it to you Christmas card list. Paperback. The world of the samurai, the legendary elite warrior cult of old Japan, has for too long been associated solely with military history and has largely remained a mystery. pp. He was descended originally from the Vikings wh… Book Information for Hilary_Layne Title Japanese Castles 1540-1640 (Fortress, Band 5) Author Stephen Turnbull (Autor) Other Authors Peter Dennis (Illustrator) Member Hilary_Layne Publication Osprey Publishing (2003), Edition: Illustrated, 64 pages Tags owned Collections Your library Rating Review Not reviewed Osprey Publishing is an Oxford-based publishing company specializing in military history. Other publications include History of Shipwrecks, A Historical Atlas of The Palestine War has been by far the most important military encounter in the history of the Arab-Israeli conflict. Zaloga focuses on the history of the tank in American service from the first experiments with This title explains and illustrates the 19th-century transition of Japanese armies from traditional Samurai equipment and tactics to those of the Western world, and the armed clashes between the two cultures. Decatur, GA. D. Otherwise clean and tight. 50 RRP $25. 2G World War I is often deemed to have been 'a war of artillery'. Here you will find extracts, author interviews, details of forthcoming events and the option to sign up for our newsletter. They are best known for Philip Smith is a lifelong history enthusiast, and has carried his interest through an undergraduate degree at Lincoln College, Oxford, and into his career as an editor, where he specializes in military history and tabletop wargaming. Osprey Publishing is an Oxford -based publishing company specializing in military history. 55in Boys anti-tank rifle--also used by the US Marine Corps in the Pacific. Kaigun -- History -- World War, 1939-1945, Japan. In this, the first of two highly illustrated volumes examining the complete history of US Army and US Marine Corps battle tanks, Steven J. Find accurate contact data easily with LeadIQ. Of the landings on the five Osprey Publishing and Osprey Games are part of Bloomsbury Publishing plc and share its missions and values. From 1939-45 most armies had to train and May 19, 2009 · With the vast expansion of the Roman Empire came a need for more and more fortifications to defend it. Label on spine; stamps, call number, and card pocket inside. Osprey Publishing is listed in the following categories/genres: Note: Don't assume that because a publisher is listed in a genre, that your book is a good fit for their publishing program. Item #188342 ISBN: 185532413X Osprey's ELITE series #58, illustrated by Christa Hook. Not only was it the first campaign that Napoleon waged as Emperor of France, but also the first great test for his Grande Armée. Archived from the original on 27 July 2024. Osprey Publishing supports the Woodland Trust, the UK’s leading woodland conservation charity. His piratical titles include The History of Pirates (Lyons Press, New York, 1999), Pirates! and Pirates, 1680-1730 (both Osprey Publishing, Oxford, 2000) and The Pirate Ship (Osprey Publishing, Oxford, 2003). Supported by specially An expert account of the development, role, and capabilities of the S-300 and S-400 air defence missile systems, key strategic weapons in Putin's Russia. Napoleon Bonaparte is renowned as one of the great military commanders in history, and the central figure in so many of the events of the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic wars. Solka, Michael, German Armies 1870-71 (1) Prussia (Oxford: Osprey Publishing, 2004). Hardcover. A hardcover book in fine condition with a like dustjacket. It was as a Marine Corps The first title in Osprey's survey of the D-Day landings of World War II (1939-1945). The greatest armada the world had ever seen was assembled to transport the Allied invasion force across the Channel and open the long-awaited second front against Hitler's Third Reich. The drilled infantryman, who had been the mainstay of Mediterranean armies since the days of the Greek hoplite, was gradually replaced by the mounted warrior. After consolidating his position, Hideyoshi went on the offensive, conquering the southern island of Kyushu in 1587 About Osprey Publishing Osprey Publishing is a company in the publishing industry that offers books and games related to military history and strategy. ISBN 978-1841769639. British heavy artillery played a vital part in destroying the German trenches and providing invaluable cover for advancing troops on the Western Front. At the end of 2004 Osprey moved into new offices in Oxford and New York, and Osprey Publishing Inc, its newly formed subsidiary, started trading in North America at the beginning of 2005. Read our Human Resources Privacy Policy. It is also a great complement to other books on the topic of actual SOE missions all around Europe, as it provides clues on why agents conducted their missions in the manners they did. Vol. Its newly formed subsidiary, started trading in North America at the beginning of 2005. ** Job Alert ** Desk Editor, Osprey Publishing - permanent, full-time role based at our modern offices in Oxford. The Byzantines were initially successful, driving back the Arab right wing. 24–26. In Osprey's examination of Finland's involvement in World War II (1939-1945). This all-new volume chronicles the events that climaxed on the field of Austerlitz in one of the most famous battles of the Napoleonic Wars (1799-1815). ISBN 1841763233. Use the PitchBook Platform to explore the full profile. This list aims to include historical sources and literature (but not fictional works) related to individual warships of World War II. Retrieved 27 July 2024. Following on from his award-winning book on the history of ancient Persia, Kaveh Farrokh goes on to examine Iran's wartime history from the Safavid dynasty of the 16th and 17th century through to the 1979 Revolution and beyond. The borders of the Empire stretched through wildly different terrains which demanded a huge variety of different fortifications, depending on the local conditions and the threats faced by the different areas. This first generation of black powder weapons put fear into the heart of the enemy and in 1453 Ottoman cannon succeeded in pummelling the once-impregnable walls of Constantinople. Aug 19, 2008 · Angus Konstam is a prolific author, with over 50 historical titles in print. 24 September 2023. Dec 21, 2023 · Putin’s Wars: From Chechnya to Ukraine Mark Galeotti, Oxford, United Kingdom: Osprey Publishing, 2022. With over 12,500 produced, the Vought F4U Corsair is one of the icons of mid-20th century military aviation. On occasion the savagery of the Crusaders left their opponents reeling, creating Oxford: Osprey Publishing. He assesses the Written by Trevor Bryce, one of the world's leading experts on the Hittites, this book charts the rise and fall of a warrior people famed for their ferocity, who built an empire which stretched from Mesopotamia to Syria and Palestine. Most dramatic of all Hussar characteristics were the 'wings' worn on the back or on the saddle, although This is a list of British colours lost in battle. German Order of Battle: 291st-999th Infantry Divisions, Named Infantry Divisions, and Special Divisions in World War II. The Osprey Homepage where you can visit our Military History and Games hubs and browse our current highlights. In this Osprey - Japanese Castles 1540-1640 (Fortress, Band 5) Turnbull, Stephen and Peter Dennis Published by Osprey Publishing, 2003 ISBN 10: 1841764299 / ISBN 13: 9781841764290 Used / Softcover Seller: Allgäuer Online Antiquariat, Memmingen, DE, Germany (5-star seller) A fascinating history of the great summer offensive launched by the Red Army in 1944 which turned the tide of the war. The French For general enquiries and queries relating to orders placed on Ospreypublishing. Few mod… It was only in World War I (1914-1918) that the combination of high quality service rifles and new telescopic sights brought the true 'sniper' to the battlefield as a distinct specialist. With the one hundredth anniversary of the beginning of the war in 2014, Collision of Empires is a timely exposé of the bitter A fascinating and lavishly illustrated guide to the world of the Samurai warrior, delving into the history of their campaigning, their arms and armour, as well as their day-to-day lives and their warrior ethos. Osprey has published over 2,300 books. While the most famous name is represented in this list, many monitors held multiple names during their service life. Bloomsbury Publishing is a leading independent publishing house, established in 1986, with authors who have won the Nobel, Pulitzer and Booker Prizes, and is the originating publisher and custodian Philip Smith is a lifelong history enthusiast, and has carried his interest through an undergraduate degree at Lincoln College, Oxford, and into his career as a… The emergence of the tank in World War I led to the development of the first infantry weapons to defend against tanks. Fought against the ritualised and colourful backdrop of Samurai life, it was the culmination of a long-standing power struggle between Tokugawa Ieyasu and Hashiba Hideyoshi, two of the most powerful men in Japan. For more information on Bloomsbury Publishing please see below: Bloomsbury Publishing Plc. Osprey Publishing Publishing company profile: Osprey Publishing, Oxford, United Kingdom Publishers of military history with 1500 books in print, including the Men-at-Arms, Campaign, Essential Histories, Fortress and Aircraft of the Aces series, plus a variety of trade hardbacks. Three armies attacked through the Ardennes, the weakest point in the American lines, and almost broke through. ISBN 978 -1849083171. A thin softcover book in excellent reading condition. 64p. In 636 AD, after protracted skirmishing and minor engagements the Arab and Byzantine armies faced each other on the banks of the Yarmuk river. The history of the Vikings is bloody and eventful, and Viking warriors continue to capture the popular imagination to this day. Biddle, T. Osprey Publishing is specialist military history books for the military history enthusiast ranging from ancient warfare. This book details the huge guns of the Royal Garrison Artillery, including the 6-in. 320p. Throughout the first decade of the 19th century he won battle after battle by wielding the Grande Armée decisively against the other powers of Europe – Prussia, Austria and Russia. While the T-34 underwent a series of incremental improvements during 1943 Oxford: Osprey Publishing, 2006. ^ a b Mitcham, Samuel W. The Emperor himself regarded it as his greatest victory and it undoubtedly won him a mastery of Europe that would The Russo-Japanese war saw the first defeat of a major European imperialist power by an Asian country. , ABAA, Dayton, OH, U. Oxford: Osprey Publishing, 2011. This book examines the origins of the war and its progression through two distinct stages: the guerrilla warfare between the Arab and Jewish communities of Mandatory Palestine, and the conventional inter-state war between the State of Israel and the invading Arab armies. Book a demo today. In this the most turbulent era in Japanese history, these militarily sophisticated structures provided strongholds for the consolidation and control of territory, and inevitably they became the focus for many of the great sieges of Japanese At the end of 2004 Osprey moved into new offices in Oxford and New York, and Osprey Publishing Inc, its newly formed subsidiary, started trading in North America at the beginning of 2005. Osprey Publishing is a British publishing company specializing in military history formerly based in Oxford. The only problem is that the with the growth of Osprey the UK offices are now looking a little bit busy, especially now that our ISBN: 9781846034916 - 1st Edition - Hardcover - Osprey Publishing, Oxford, England - 2011 - Condition: As New - As New - black cloth, gilt spine, dust jacket, 480 pages : illustrations (some color), maps ; CONTENTS: Introduction - Part I: The Safavid Dynasty - Part II: The Afsharid Dynasty - Part III: The Zand Dynasty - Part IV: The Qajar Dynasty - Part V: The Pahlavi Dynasty - Part VI: The Nov 28, 2022 · by Stille, Mark, author Publication date 2014 Topics Japan. This change did not take place overnight, and in the 3rd and 4th centuries the role of the cavalryman was primarily to support the infantry. Our office hours are from 9:00 am to 5:00 pm GMT/BST, Monday to Friday, national rates for UK callers, international rates for overseas callers. Examining the design and development of both tanks, Zaloga notes the obvious superiority that the Panther had over the Sherman and how the highly engineered German tank was eventually beaten back, not David Nicolle Saladin: Leadership, Strategy, Conflict Command 12, illustrated by Peter Dennis. , Imperial German Colonial and Overseas Troops 1885-1918 (Oxford: Osprey Publishing, 2013). Kaigun, World War, 1939-1945 -- Naval operations, Japanese Publisher Oxford ; New York, NY : Osprey Publishing Collection internetarchivebooks; printdisabled Contributor Internet Archive Language English Item Size 1. ISBN: 978-1-4728-4754-6. Now in e-guide format, Professor Karsh addresses the causes of the Iran-Iraq War, unpacking the objectives of the two belligerents and examining how far objectives were matched by strategy. We do not currently Osprey Publishing is a British publishing company specializing in military history formerly based in Oxford. 1st Edition. The D-Day landings of 6 June 1944 were the largest amphibious military operation ever mounted. Osprey HQ is moving! We’ve outgrown our cosy office, which has been our home for several years now, so we’re moving just a few miles up the road to take up residence in Kemp House. Since reforms in 1747 each infantry regiment carried two colours, or flags, to identify it on the battlefield: a king's colour of the union flag and a regimental colour of the same colour as the regiment's facings. Born in Derby, he now lives and works in Oxford. Using his extensive contacts in both Russia and Ukraine, and access to a mass of official and unofficial sources, Mark Galeotti presents a thorough and intriguing primer on all the forces involved in the ongoing conflict in the Ukraine. Subject: Military History. Start reading 📖 Japanese Castles 1540–1640 online and get access to an unlimited library of academic and non-fiction books on Perlego. The products provide resources for wargaming and roleplaying. 2. (5-star seller) Oxford: Osprey Publishing. com, please e-mail us at orders@ospreypublishing. 00Paperback +2 other formats In the early 14th century, a new weapon entered the arsenals of European armies. This year's major new series is Osprey Duel. But when their special ops Chinook was hit by RPGs, it marked the beginning of the SEALs Born amid immense suffering and bloodshed, the Kingdom of Jerusalem remained a battlefield for almost 200 years. Dec 12, 2023 · Quesada, Alejandro de. However, by the time A comprehensive and detailed illustrated examination of the development and combat performance of US battle tanks from World War I to the end of World War II. The fighting that raged in the East during the First World War was every bit as fierce as that on the Western Front, but the titanic clashes between three towering empires--Russia, Austro-Hungary, and Germany--remains a comparatively unknown facet of the Great War. 95. C Peter Chen, World War II Database (January 2009) Oxford: Osprey Publishing, 2007. In this the most turbulent era in Japanese history, these militarily sophisticated structures provided strongholds for the consolidation and control of territory, and inevitably they became the focus for many of the great sieges of Japanese Publisher profile: Osprey Publishing, Oxford, United Kingdom - Publishers of military history with 1500 books in print, including the Men-at-Arms, Campaign, I spent last week in Osprey's UK office and the thought stuck me that there should be some sort scholarship program--perhaps sponsored and paid for by the National Trust--to afford a lucky winner or two the opportunity to spend a week among the Osprey team at HQ. The largest operation by US forces since Vietnam, it was intended to bring to battle foreign al-Qaeda fighters who had fled after the overthrow of the Taliban and the battle of Tora Bora. In many ways, Jannisaries reflected Ottoman society, which was itself dominated by a military elite and where there was much greater social mobility than in Osprey Publishing is a British, Oxford-based, publishing company specializing in military history. This title describes the planning of the attack and the course of events, including the defence of Bastogne and the heroic delaying actions fought Arguably the greatest military commander in the history of the samurai, Toyotomi Hideyoshi rose from the ranks of the peasantry to rule over all Japan. ^ a b "Azerbaijan seizes arms from Nagorno-Karabakh separatists". However, after years of planning, Japan launched a surprise attack on the Russian Port Arthur, on the Liaoyang Peninsula in 1904 and the war that followed saw SOE Agent: Churchill's Secret Warriors is a wonderful book documenting the selection and preparation of Special Operations Executive personnel for field work. Using themed chapters, Turnbull illuminates the samurai through their historical The Iran-Iraq War, which ended one month short of its eighth anniversary, was one of the longest, bloodiest and costliest armed conflicts of the developing world in the twentieth century. With Lt. The first handgonnes were the This is a definitive technical guide to the Vought F4U Corsair. ^ Nigel, Thomas (1995). A student of the great unifier Oda Nobunaga, Hideyoshi would later avenge the murder of his master at the battle of Yamazaki. To find out more about our authors and books visit www. . Beautifully illustrated with color photographs and original Osprey artwork, this book presents a new At the end of 2004 Osprey moved into new offices in Oxford and New York, and Osprey Publishing Inc, its newly formed subsidiary, started trading in North America at the beginning of 2005. Using many years' painstaking research drawn from unpublished Polish sources, the author provides a rounded view of the training, tactics, appearance and experiences of these legendary and fascinating warriors. S. This book explores the samurai within the context of an all-encompassing warrior culture that was expressed through art and poetry as much as through violence. The Bismarck is just one of the warships of World War II that spawned a large dedicated bibliography of historical works related to its service If you would like to propose a title for publication, please submit a short synopsis of not more than 2,000 words by email to: editorial@ospreypublishing. Information on acquisition, funding, investors, and executives for Osprey Publishing. (2002) Rhetoric and Reality in Air Warfare: The Evolution of British and American Ideas about Strategic Bombing, 1914–1945. 64pp. Throughout the war on the Eastern Front, t… In this book Steven J Zaloga offers a fascinating comparison of the combat performance of the two most important tanks involved in the crucial fighting of 1944, the Sherman and the Panther. A. railway and siege howitzer and the About the contributors Author Prit Buttar Prit Buttar studied medicine at Oxford and London… Go to this book on Bloomsbury Collections. Dec 20, 2022 · Publisher Oxford : Osprey Publishing Collection internetarchivebooks; printdisabled Contributor Internet Archive Language English Item Size 288. View the complete list of names. He shows how the early military successes were followed by centuries of defeat as the external influences of nations like Russia and Britain began to shape the internal This attractively packaged gift book offers a comprehensive overview of the development of the fearsome medieval English knight from the 12th to the 15th century. Osprey has published over 1,500 books. Axis Forces In Yugoslavia 1941–45. Jul 15, 2020 · At the end of 2004 Osprey moved into new offices in Oxford and New York, and Osprey Publishing Inc. (2007). Learn more about Osprey Publishing's company details, contact information, competitors, and more. ospreypublishing. With a USN kill rate of 11:1 during World War II, demand exceeded Vought's manufacturing capabilities, and it holds the record for longest production run of an US piston-engined fighter aircraft. Doha: Al Jazeera Media Network. Take the time to research the books each publisher has released to find the best matches. Item #169364 ISBN: 9781846031083 Contains photographs in both color and black and white. The Osprey Homepage where you can visit our Military History and Games hubs and browse our current highlights. siege gun and howitzer, the 8-in. On March 4, 2002, a team of SEALs was choppered onto a hostile Afghan mountain peak as part of Operation Anaconda. Limited Collector’s EditionF-80 Shooting Star Units of the Korean War-Ebook (Epub) The hub for the Osprey Publishing website where you can find links to our store, blog, newsletter and membership page. We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. Anti-tank rifles became commonplace in the inter-war years and in the early campaigns of World War II in Poland and the Battle of France, which saw renewed use in the form of the British . Oxford: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 1855324733. "2nd Cossack Cavalry Division". In mid-1940, Italy's East African colonies Oxford: Osprey Publishing. They are best known for their The twilight of the Roman Empire saw a revolution in the way war was waged. This superiority did not last long. 3M This is a bibliography of World War II warships. com. Col. Its firepower, armour protection and mobility were superior to that of any other medium tank of the period. It is based in Oxford, England. To Osprey's Campaign title for one of the battles in which Muslims attempted to overtake Syria. They made history, establishing the dukedom of Normandy, providing the Byzantine Emperors' bodyguard, and landing on the shores of America 500 years before Columbus. But cannons, which are both slow and cumbersome, were difficult to use and often proved inaccurate. cqw yeivxa xmvdvep iadguf mwo jqmec qxnb dat psxer oqqbtq oqxl glr yenszin mfdvl oshibkp